Optics

This book highlights the photogalvanic effects at low dimensions, surfaces, and interfaces, more specifically 2D materials, such as graphene and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Although the phenomenology of the photogalvanic effects, which can be simply seen as photoresponse nonlinear-in-electric field, have been well-established, the microscopic understanding in each material system may vary. This book is a quick reference and a detailed roadmap starting from phenomenology and continuing with the ultimate low dimensional materials, in which the photogalvanic effects can offer a rich platform at the second-order response to an electric field. A general phenomenology of photogalvanic effect is provided in the first chapter, together with the photon drag effect which also generates a photocurrent like the photogalvanic effect, but with some distinct features, as well as somewhat puzzling similarities. Next two chapters explain these effects in graphene, starting with a necessary related background on graphene, then a particular focus on its specific phenomenology, microscopic theory, and experimental results. In a similar fashion, in chapters four and five, a necessary background for the photogalvanic effects in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, with symmetry analysis, microscopic theory, and experimental results is presented, along with the Berry curvature dependent photocurrent, which can also play an important role in 2D semiconductors. The second-order photogalvanic effects that have been covered so far in graphene and monolayer transition metal chalcogenides have already excited the 2D semiconductor optoelectronic research community by several means. It seems that the interests on the photogalvanic effects will continue to escalate in near future.

This book, now in its fourth edition, is a well-known classic on the ultrafast nonlinear and linear processes responsible for supercontinuum generation. The book begins with chapters reviewing the experimental and theoretical understanding of the field along with key applications developed since the discovery of the supercontinuum effect. The chapters that follow cover recent research activity on supercontinuum phenomena, novel applications, and advances achieved since the publication of the previous edition. The new chapters focus on: filamentation in gases, air, and condensed media; conical emission by four-wave mixing and X-waves; electronic self-phase mechanism; higher harmonics generation; attosecond laser pulses; complex vector beam supercontinuum; higher order self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation; nonlinear supercontinuum interference in uniaxial crystals; new nonlinear microscopes involving supercontinuum and ultrafast lasers with biomedical applications; and other current supercontinuum applications in communications.The Supercontinuum Laser Source is a definitive work by one of the discoverers of the white light effect. It is indispensable reading for any researcher or student working in the field of ultrafast laser physics.Chapter 6 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Additive manufacturing is considered a key technology for digital production. However, several barriers towards the broad industrial application exist, e.g. the associated cost and the required experience regarding the manufacturing process. To eradicate these barriers, the complete digitalization of the value creation process is needed. In this thesis, a digital, automated support structuredesign procedure is developed. Topology optimization is used for design rule determination, and the space colonization algorithm is adapted for the automated design. The validity of the procedure is proven experimentally, revealing sufficient mechanical performance alongside cost reduction at medium to large production scales.

This book gives a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in both theory and practical implementation of plasmonic probes. Encompassing multiple disciplines, the field of plasmonics provides a versatile and flexible platform for nanoscale sensing and imaging. Despite being a relatively young field, plasmonic probes have come a long way, with applications in chemical, biological, civil, and architectural fields as well as enabling many analytical schemes such as immunoassay, biomarkers, environmental indexing, and water quality sensing, to name but a few. The objective of the book is to present in-depth analysis of the theory and applications of novel probes based on plasmonics, with a broad selection of specially-invited chapters on the development, fabrication, functionalization, and implementation of plasmonic probes as well as their integration with current technologies and future outlook. This book is designed to cater to the needs of novice, seasoned researchers and practitioners in academia and industry, as well as medical and environmental fields.

This book highlights the principles, research advances, and applications of plasmonic photocatalysis. As a new class of catalysts, plasmonic nanostructures with the unique ability to harvest solar energy across the entire visible spectrum and produce effective photocatalysis are viewed as a promising pathway for the energy crisis. Although plasmonic catalysis has been widely reported, the excitation mechanism and energy transfer pathway are still controversial. Meanwhile, the latest discovery of catalysis on nanomaterials is less reported. This book outlines the basics of plasmonic photocatalysis, including the electromagnetic properties of metal materials and surface plasmon, and discusses the catalytic mechanisms including the nearfield enhancements, hot electron, and thermal effects. In addition, the measurement methods and current advances on molecules and nanocrystals are presented in detail. Suitable for graduate students and researchers in physics, optics and optical engineering, and materials science, the book will deepen readers' understanding of the interaction between light and nanomaterials and expand their knowledge of the principles and applications of nanophotonics.

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Optische Glasfaser-Übertragungssysteme nehmen einen wichtigen Platz bei der Realisierung von Datenverbindungen mit hoher Übertragungskapazität ein. Dieses Buch beschreibt die Funktionsweise von Injektionslasern und Photodioden für den Einsatz in der heutigen optischen Nachrichtentechnik.

Optik,Laser, Wellenleiter stellt eine Einführung in die angewandte Optik dar. Dabei werden nicht nur Strahlenoptik mit optischen Instrumenten, Lichtquellen und Detektoren einerseits sowie Wellenoptik mit Interferometrie andererseits behandelt; es wird auch ausführlich auf Holographie, Laser, Kohärenz, Faseroptik, Wellenleiter und integrierte Optik eingegangen. Die physikalischen Grundlagen, Anwendungen und die Instrumentierung stehen dabei stets im Vordergrund. Mehr als 100 Übungen dienen der Vertiefung des Stoffes. Das Buch ist sowohl als vorlesungsbegleitende Lektüre für Studenten als auch als Nachschlagewerk für Diplomanden, Wissenschaftler und Praktiker geeignet.

Comprehensive presentation of upconversion luminescent materials, from fundamental theory to photovoltaic, photocatalytic, and biological applications<BR> <BR>Photoenergy Conversion-Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cells is a thorough guide to the synthesis and properties of lanthanide-based and triplet-triplet annihilation-based upconversion nanomaterials. The book reviews their diverse applications in the fields of photovoltaics, luminescent solar concentrator, photodetectors, photocatalysis, lasing, light-emitting diodes, high-resolution bioimaging, photothermal therapy, photoelectrochemical biosensors, optical temperature sensing, ion detection, anti-counterfeiting, förster resonant energy transfer, volumetric full-color displays, photonic quantum logic gates, and other optical fields.<BR> <BR>Photoenergy Conversion-Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cells explores sample topics including:<BR> <BR>* Challenges in spectral response and photon management of perovskite photovoltaics (PVs)<BR>* Down-conversion and down-shifting for high-energy uv utilization, with information on semiconductor oxides and carbon materials<BR>* Surface plasmon resonance for light-harvesting, covering basic mechanisms as well as metal alloys and nanostructures<BR>* Texturing for light-trapping, discussing electron transport layers with periodic nanostructures and texturing on glass or a transparent conductive oxide<BR> <BR>Luminescent solar concentrators for light concentration, reviewing both Pb-based and Pb-free nanocrystals<BR>Photoenergy Conversion-Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cells is an essential reference for scientists, engineers, industrial experts, and advanced students to solve fundamental and applied problems of upconversion luminescent materials and think of new innovative ideas in the field of application of phosphor materials.

This monograph investigates the entropy in heavily doped (HD) quantized structures by analyzing under the influence of magnetic quantization, crossed electric and quantizing fields the range from HD quantum confined nonlinear optical materials to HgTe/CdTe HD superlattices with graded interfaces. Finally the authors address various challenges in today's research of optoelectronic materials and give an outlook to future studies.

This book primarily focuses on the authors' research and practical achievements in the field of photonic integrated phased arrays in recent years. Firstly, a comprehensive introduction on the concept, operation principles, and research progress of photonic integrated phased arrays is introduced. Then, detailed explanations of the optical antenna and array design in photonic integrated phased arrays are given. Combined with design cases of silicon-based optical phased arrays with different scales, the design methods for achieving low sidelobes are deeply researched, and the test principle and design of photonic integrated phased arrays are elaborated. Finally, the design, implementation, and test of photonic integrated phased arrays are illustrated through a detailed case study on the development of a silicon-based optical phased array chip and verify its short-distance space optical communication based on the chip.This book is dedicated to integrating the theory, design, processing, and test cases of photonic integrated phased arrays, and it provides a valuable reference for researchers and designers in the field of optical phased array technology.

This book, the first of its kind, bridges the gap between the increasingly interlinked fields of nanophotonics and artificial intelligence (AI). While artificial intelligence techniques, machine learning in particular, have revolutionized many different areas of scientific research, nanophotonics holds a special position as it simultaneously benefits from AI-assisted device design whilst providing novel computing platforms for AI. This book is aimed at both researchers in nanophotonics who want to utilize AI techniques and researchers in the computing community in search of new photonics-based hardware. The book guides the reader through the general concepts and specific topics of relevance from both nanophotonics and AI, including optical antennas, metamaterials, metasurfaces, and other photonic devices on the one hand, and different machine learning paradigms and deep learning algorithms on the other. It goes on to comprehensively survey inverse techniques for device design, AI-enabled applications in nanophotonics, and nanophotonic platforms for AI. This book will be essential reading for graduate students, academic researchers, and industry professionals from either side of this fast-developing, interdisciplinary field.

Bringing together contributions from leading experts in the field, this book reviews laser processing concepts that allow the structuring of material beyond optical limits, and methods that facilitate direct observation of the underlying mechanisms by exploring direct structuring and self-organization phenomena. The capacity to nanostructure material using ultrafast lasers lays the groundwork for the next generation of flexible and precise material processing tools. Rapid access to scales of 100 nm and below in two and three dimensions becomes a factor of paramount importance to engineer materials and to design innovative functions. To reflect the dynamic nature of the field at all levels from basic science to applications, the book is divided into three parts, Fundamental Processes, Concepts of Extreme Nanostructuring, and Applications, each of which is comprehensively covered. This book will be a useful resource for graduate students and researchers in laser processing, materials engineering, and nanoscience.

Dieses Buch gibt darüber Aufschluss, wie die Prozessstabilität als Maß für die Qualitätssicherung mit der Spritzerintensität korreliert und welche Einflussgrößen diese beeinflussen. Innerhalb der durchgeführten Arbeiten wurde zunächst ein methodisches Vorgehen zur Quantifizierung der Prozessinstabilitäten auf Basis der resultierenden Anzahl an Prozessspritzern entwickelt, wobei diese Methodik in mehreren darauffolgenden Schritten dazu verwendet wurde, um gezielt die Auswirkungen einiger ausgewählter Einfluss- und Stellgrößen im Kontext der PBF-LB/M-Prozessstabilität zu untersuchen und innerhalb einer Potenzialanalyse zur spritzerreduzierten Prozessführung zu bewerten. Dabei wurden neben den grundlegenden Prozessparametern (Schichtstärke, Fokusdurchmesser, Laserleistung, Scangeschwindigkeit, Hatch-Abstand und der Gasstromwinkel) auch der vorherrschende Umgebungsdruck in der Prozesskammer, das verwendete Inertgas, einige Eigenschaften des Pulvermaterials sowie die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Laserstrahlformen hinsichtlich der resultierenden Anzahl an Prozessspritzern untersucht. Weiterführend wurde eine Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalyse durchgeführt, die sich sowohl mit Potenzialen zur Steigerung der Produktivität der einzelnen Stellgrößen als auch mit einer Kostenbetrachtung anhand eines Fallbeispiels in unterschiedlichen Szenarien beschäftigt.

This book looks at the application of cascaded interferometers in both theoretical and practical contexts, particularly focusing on enhancing image contrast and facilitating medical diagnostics. Commencing with a comprehensive exploration of modulated two-beam interference employing Fourier optics, it progresses to discuss the implementation of a cascaded Michelson interferometer, with a specialized emphasis on its utility in analyzing microscopic structures such as glass fibers. Subsequent chapters examine step-index fibers using multiple laser beam interferometry and introduce sophisticated models for interpreting fringe shifts in unclad glass fibers through ordinary multiple-beam interference.Moreover, the book addresses the recognition of modulated apertures employing a Cascaded Fabry-Perot Interferometer (CFPI) and discusses its implications for various applications. It looks at the processing of retinal artery images leveraging higher orders of two-beam interference and investigates the utility of cascaded interferometric techniques in examining kidney and colon images. Furthermore, it presents a novel approach to image processing of coronaviruses utilizing interferometry techniques, showcasing the potential of interferometric methods in medical research and diagnostics.Through its systematic exploration of cascaded interferometers and their diverse applications, this book is suited for researchers, practitioners, and students alike, offering insights into both fundamental principles and advanced methodologies in interferometry and medical imaging.

This book provides an alternative approach to time-independent perturbation theory in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. It allows easy application to any initial condition because it is based on an approximation to the evolution operator and may also be used on unitary evolution operators for the unperturbed Hamiltonian in the case where the eigenvalues cannot be found. This flexibility sets it apart from conventional perturbation theory. The matrix perturbation method also gives new theoretical insights; for example, it provides corrections to the energy and wave function in one operation. Another notable highlight is the facility to readily derive a general expression for the normalization constant at m-th order, a significant difference between the approach within and those already in the literature. Another unique aspect of the matrix perturbation method is that it can be extended directly to the Lindblad master equation. The first and second-order corrections are obtained for this equation and the method is generalized for higher orders. An alternative form of the Dyson series, in matrix form instead of integral form, is also obtained. Throughout the book, several benchmark examples and practical applications underscore the potential, accuracy and good performance of this novel approach. Moreover, the method's applicability extends to some specific time-dependent Hamiltonians. This book represents a valuable addition to the literature on perturbation theory in quantum mechanics and is accessible to students and researchers alike.

The work studies under different physical conditions the carrier contribution to elastic constants in heavily doped optoelectronic materials. In the presence of intense photon field the authors apply the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle to formulate electron statistics. Many open research problems are discussed and numerous potential applications as quantum sensors and quantum cascade lasers are presented.

This book addresses an attempt to create Photonic Artificial Intelligence (PAI) system based on optical technologies, which process signals continuously. PAI could help to overcome digital computer limits and almost zero out the machine learning time and AI inference. It helps to consider feelings, the chaos of thoughts, cognitive activity, and the transcendental states of the human mind in AI systems. The book also discusses new problems such as synthesizing new photonic materials, creating optical control systems, and connecting PAI systems with outside digital computers and holographic memory. The book is aimed at a wide range of readers, including postgraduates and researchers, interested in advanced AI by creating its new paradigm, which can help to overcome traps of traditional AI development.

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This open access book presents an overview of recent advances in photonic neural networks with spatiotemporal dynamics. The computing and implementation paradigms presented in this book are outcomes of interdisciplinary studies by collaborative researchers from the three fields of nonlinear mathematical science, information photonics, and integrated systems engineering. This book offers novel multidisciplinary viewpoints on photonic neural networks, illustrating recent advances in three types of computing methodologies: fluorescence energy transfer computing, spatial-photonic spin system, and photonic reservoir computing. The book consists of four parts: Part I introduces the backgrounds of optical computing and neural network dynamics; Part II presents fluorescence energy transfer computing, a novel computing technology based on nanoscale networks of fluorescent particles; Parts III and IV review the models and implementation of spatial-photonic spin systems and photonic reservoir computing, respectively. These contents are beneficial to researchers in a broad range of fields, including information science, mathematical science, applied physics, and engineering, to better understand the novel computing concepts of photonic neural networks with spatiotemporal dynamics.

This book presents numerical computer-aided smart-methods as part of a comprehensive statistical, correlation and fractal analysis of laser polarimetry data. It highlights relationships between polarization (azimuth distributions, polarization ellipticities, Stokes vector parameters, Mueller matrix elements) parameters of laser images of biological tissues of a human corpse in different spectral ranges and temporal dynamics of their postmortem morphological changes. The book discusses the effectiveness of correlation analysis of two-dimensional distributions of polarization inhomogeneous images of histological sections of the main types of biological tissues in determining the time of death. It also discusses the development of basic principles of phase measurements (phasometry) of microscopic images of biological tissues to determine the age of death and the time of hematoma formation. Also presented in the book are possibilities of complex laser spectral photopolarimetry images ofhistological sections of biological tissues of human corpse in different spectral regions, with the simultaneous development and substantiation of a set of statistical and correlational criteria for objective determination of the time of death.

This book highlights the findings and achievements in the major research plan "Detection and Interaction of Single Quantum States" funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). The 8-year plan started in 2011 and consisted of 107 projects conducted by Chinese universities and research institutes. The book covers the plan's research background, achievements, and follow-up prospects. The plan aimed to tackle one of the major challenges for researchers worldwide-to establish precise detection and control of single quantum states in time, space, energy, and momentum. The plan integrated precise detection means with the ultrahigh resolution of time, space, and energy, under extreme conditions such as ultrahigh vacuum, ultralow temperature, high magnetic field, and ultrahigh pressure, using interdisciplinary research methods in physics, chemistry, informatics, and materials science. The book focuses on the exploration of new phenomena, theories, and concepts of single quantum states, describes new techniques and methods of single quantum states, and presents the purification and construction of single-quantum-state systems. It is a concise and valuable source of information for researchers in quantum science and graduate students interested in the research field.