Physics

Interfacial phenomena play a crucial role in various industrial processes and daily operations. These phenomena are related to the formation of emulsions and foams, adsorption on solid and fluid interfaces, wettability alteration, and others that strongly impact the quality and cost of products and processes. Understanding the interfacial phenomena encompasses inexorably the description of surface thermodynamics and the assessment of thermodynamic properties. The book Fundamentals of Surface Thermodynamics introduces the basics of the thermodynamics of interface from a perspective of chemical engineering thermodynamics and surface chemistry. It provides insights into real-life phenomena, emphasizing the practical significance of abstract properties routinely dealt with by scientists and engineers. The book is tailored for both graduate and undergraduate courses in chemistry and engineering schools. The book content is particularly beneficial for industry professionals involved in oil & gas, fluid transportation, nanotechnology, and other operations with multiphase complex systems, where the process effectiveness is affected by interfacial phenomena.The Fundamentals of Surface Thermodynamics brings a comprehensive description of colloidal science, ranging from conventional surfactant applications to responsive systems and nanomaterials applied to life science. The author invites the reader on a journey into the fascinating world where small-dimension entities breathe. The book aims to inspire students and professionals to delve deep into the intricacies of interface thermodynamics, thereby contributing to supporting education activities and enabling industrial solutions.

This thesis demonstrates the value of theoretical approaches in the discovery of new superconducting materials. It reports a detailed study of the recently discovered nickel-oxide (nickelate) superconductors using multiple first-principles computational tools, from density functional theory to dynamical mean field theory. In the context of superconductivity, discoveries have generally been linked to serendipitous experimental discovery; this thesis reports some of the few examples of predictions of new superconductors that have later been realized in practice, a prime example of the significance of the methodology it expounds. Overall, it represents a seminal systematic work in the electronic structure theory of the emergent field of nickelate superconductivity.

This book is an English translation from a Hungarian book designed for graduate and postgraduate students about the use of variational principles in theoretical physics. Unlike many academic textbooks, it dashes across several lecture disciplines taught in physics courses. It emphasizes and demonstrates the use of the variational technique and philosophy behind the basic laws in mechanics, relativity theory, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The book is meant for advanced students and young researchers in theoretical physics but, also, more experienced researchers can benefit from its reading.

This book undertakes an extensive exploration of manganese-based compounds, such as T¿¿¿SrxMnO¿ (T = La, Pr; x = 0.35, 0.25) using density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations with a focus on understanding their electronic, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties. Bä¿¿SrxFeO¿ (x = 0, 0.2) is also studied via different approximations, offering a comparative perspective. In addition, the book looks at the influence of magnetism using Monte Carlo simulations, revealing crucial parameters and examining the GdCrO¿ system through DFT and Monte Carlo simulation, shedding light on recent experimental observations. Additionally, Monte Carlo studies investigate magnetic and magnetocaloric features of Sr¿FeMoO¿, LäSrMn¿O¿ bilayer manganite, perovskite ferromagnetic thin films' surface effects, and SmFe¿¿¿MnxO¿ perovskite. In essence, this book significantly advances our comprehension of magnetic and magnetocaloric phenomena across diverse materials and is well-suited for both experimentalists and computational researchers working in this field.

Clearly demonstrates novel aspects of metamaterials to show the direction of future developmentsPresents innovative concepts that will lead to qualitatively new phenomena and devicesDescribes topics with many practical examples to help the reader to learn easily

Book

This monograph provides a comprehensive study of the Riemann problem for systems of conservation laws arising in continuum physics. It presents the state-of-the-art on the dynamics of compressible fluids and mixtures that undergo phase changes, while remaining accessible to applied mathematicians and engineers interested in shock waves, phase boundary propagation, and nozzle flows. A large selection of nonlinear hyperbolic systems is treated here, including the Saint-Venant, van der Waals, and Baer-Nunziato models. A central theme is the role of the kinetic relation for the selection of under-compressible interfaces in complex fluid flows. This book is recommended to graduate students and researchers who seek new mathematical perspectives on shock waves and phase dynamics.

This book discusses topics related to Newtonian mechanics and is ideal for a one semester course. Introductory topics are first presented including: time, space, and matter; different coordinate systems; vectors; and unit vectors;. The author presents tools such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration to describe projectile motion and uniform circular motion. Newton's laws of motion and concepts of force and mass are discussed followed by kinetic energy, potential energy, and both conservative and non-conservative forces. This class-tested book also introduces angular displacement, angular speed, and angular acceleration as well as the use of these to describe the motion of particles with constant angular acceleration. Concepts of torque, angular momentum, and rotational inertia are presented to explain the motion of physical pendulum. Motion under central force is also covered and Kepler's laws are derived.

This advanced textbook provides an exhaustive review of topics of immense importance to the fundamental understanding of physics of materials at high pressures. The book presents the current status of experimental and theoretical techniques used to understand the behaviour of materials under high compression. Various topics covered in this book are high pressure studies of materials, equation of state of materials, phase transitions under high pressures, behaviour of hydrogen and hydrides under pressure, and hydrogen bond in solids under high pressure. This book is highly useful reference for the scientists working in the field of condensed matter in general and its behaviour under static and dynamic compression, in particular.

This brief provides a comprehensive review of the rapidly expanding field of cavitation and bubble dynamics, covering the discussion of bubble dynamics equations, bubble oscillation dynamics, theoretical prediction models of jets, and high-speed photography technology. Among them, the core formulas, important research methods, and typical results related to bubble oscillation and collapse dynamics are systematically and comprehensively introduced. Specifically, in terms of the bubble dynamics equations, several classical dynamic equations utilized to describe the radial motion of the spherical bubble, cylindrical bubble, and the bubble in a droplet are derived and compared. In terms of the bubble oscillation dynamics, based on the perturbation method, multi-scale method, and Laplace transform method, the nonlinear oscillation characteristics of the bubble in free oscillation and driven oscillation are analyzed. In terms of the jet prediction theory, the Kelvin impulse model and various boundary treatment methods are given in detail, and the jet direction, intensity, and spatial sensitivity caused by the bubble collapse near various boundaries are discussed. In terms of the bubble collapse visualization based on the high-speed photography, taking the laser-induced bubble as an example, the system composition, operation process and experimental layout of the high-speed photography experimental platform are introduced, and a large number of typical bubble collapse deformation, jet evolution and shock wave propagation characteristics obtained from experiments are demonstrated. This book is intended for academic researchers and graduate students in fluid dynamics, aiming to consolidate the basic theory, physical mechanism, and latest progress in the field of bubble dynamics.

This book highlights the photogalvanic effects at low dimensions, surfaces, and interfaces, more specifically 2D materials, such as graphene and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Although the phenomenology of the photogalvanic effects, which can be simply seen as photoresponse nonlinear-in-electric field, have been well-established, the microscopic understanding in each material system may vary. This book is a quick reference and a detailed roadmap starting from phenomenology and continuing with the ultimate low dimensional materials, in which the photogalvanic effects can offer a rich platform at the second-order response to an electric field. A general phenomenology of photogalvanic effect is provided in the first chapter, together with the photon drag effect which also generates a photocurrent like the photogalvanic effect, but with some distinct features, as well as somewhat puzzling similarities. Next two chapters explain these effects in graphene, starting with a necessary related background on graphene, then a particular focus on its specific phenomenology, microscopic theory, and experimental results. In a similar fashion, in chapters four and five, a necessary background for the photogalvanic effects in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, with symmetry analysis, microscopic theory, and experimental results is presented, along with the Berry curvature dependent photocurrent, which can also play an important role in 2D semiconductors. The second-order photogalvanic effects that have been covered so far in graphene and monolayer transition metal chalcogenides have already excited the 2D semiconductor optoelectronic research community by several means. It seems that the interests on the photogalvanic effects will continue to escalate in near future.

Thermodynamics is needed to understand many processes on Earth, be they physical, chemical, or biological. Thermodynamics is critical to study the atmosphere (lapse rate, fohn winds, circulation), hydrosphere (latent and sensible heat, pressure dependence of freezing/boiling points), geosphere (geothermal gradients, mineral stability) and the biosphere (redox zonation, evolution of biogeochemical cycles). This introduction to thermodynamics and equilibria aims to provide the basic concepts of relevance for atmospheric, marine, climate, and environmental sciences and to prepare students for more advanced classes in physical chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology.This is an open access book.

In this book, the author provides a deep study into multiscale and multiphysics modeling of nuclear facilities, underscoring the critical role of uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis to ensure the confidence in the numerical results and to identify the system characteristics. Through an in-depth study of the liquid metal cooling system from the TALL-3D loop to the SMDFR core, the research highlights the natural circulation instability, strong coupling effects, perturbation tolerance, and system stability. The culmination of the research is the formulation of an optimized uncertainty-based control scheme, demonstrating its versatility beyond the nuclear domain to other energy sectors. This groundbreaking work not only advances the comprehension and utilization of coupling schemes and uncertainty methodologies in nuclear system modeling but also adeptly bridges the theoretical constructs with tangible application, positioning itself as an indispensable resource for design, safety analysis, and advanced numerical modeling in the broader energy sector.

This book provides an overview of advances in experimental, numerical modelling, and theoretical aspects of environmental hydraulics. By highlighting the latest findings on processes in natural aquatic systems, solutions for civil engineering and water resources management, with a special focus on interdisciplinary cooperation between Earth scientists, ecologists, biologists and hydraulic engineers that have helped to mitigate the impacts of anthropopressure on river habitats, it provides both researchers and practitioners with first-hand information about the latest trends in hydraulic research. The book combines peer-reviewed versions of invited lectures and regular presentations at the 40th International School of Hydraulics, held May 23-26, 2023, in K¿ty Rybackie, Poland. With contributions from world-leading experts and young researchers, many areas of environmental hydraulics are addressed here, including recent findings in numerical modelling and laboratory and field studies related to sediment and pollutant transport processes in rivers, fluvial morphodynamics, flow in vegetated channels, hydraulic structures in rivers and estuaries, and freshwater fish protection.

This book is about the Random Field Ising Model (RFIM) - a paradigmatic spin model featuring a frozen disordering field. The focus is on the second-order phase transition between the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases, and the associated critical exponents. The book starts by summarizing the current knowledge about the RFIM from experiments, numerical simulations and rigorous mathematical results. It then reviews the classic theoretical works from the 1970's which suggested a property of dimensional reduction - that the RFIM critical exponents should be the same as for the ordinary, non-disordered, Ising model of lower dimensionality, and related this an emergent Parisi-Sourlas supersymmetry. As is now known, these remarkable properties only hold when the spatial dimensionality of the model is larger than a critical dimension. The book presents a method to estimate the critical dimension, using standard tools such as the replica trick and perturbative renormalization group, whose result is in agreement with the numerical simulations. Some more elementary steps in the derivations are left as exercises for the readers. This book is of interest to researchers, PhD students and advanced master students specializing in statistical field theory.

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