Chemistry

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This brief provides a comprehensive review of the rapidly expanding field of cavitation and bubble dynamics, covering the discussion of bubble dynamics equations, bubble oscillation dynamics, theoretical prediction models of jets, and high-speed photography technology. Among them, the core formulas, important research methods, and typical results related to bubble oscillation and collapse dynamics are systematically and comprehensively introduced. Specifically, in terms of the bubble dynamics equations, several classical dynamic equations utilized to describe the radial motion of the spherical bubble, cylindrical bubble, and the bubble in a droplet are derived and compared. In terms of the bubble oscillation dynamics, based on the perturbation method, multi-scale method, and Laplace transform method, the nonlinear oscillation characteristics of the bubble in free oscillation and driven oscillation are analyzed. In terms of the jet prediction theory, the Kelvin impulse model and various boundary treatment methods are given in detail, and the jet direction, intensity, and spatial sensitivity caused by the bubble collapse near various boundaries are discussed. In terms of the bubble collapse visualization based on the high-speed photography, taking the laser-induced bubble as an example, the system composition, operation process and experimental layout of the high-speed photography experimental platform are introduced, and a large number of typical bubble collapse deformation, jet evolution and shock wave propagation characteristics obtained from experiments are demonstrated. This book is intended for academic researchers and graduate students in fluid dynamics, aiming to consolidate the basic theory, physical mechanism, and latest progress in the field of bubble dynamics.

Flexible electronics are electronics that can be stretched, bent, twisted, and deformed into arbitrary shapes. They break through the bottleneck and monopoly of traditional, rigid IC technologies and represent the next-generation electronics. This book provides an overview of the underlying theory and method of structural design for flexible electronics. Compared to intrinsically flexible and stretchable materials, structural engineering has proven its unique advantages, e.g. stretchable inorganic electronics. Based on the mechanical mechanisms, this book discusses the main structural deformation behaviors of flexible electronics, including mechanics of film-on-substrate and fiber-on-substrate, self-similar design with/without substrate, conformal design on rigid/soft substrate, purely in-plane design of serpentine interconnect with/without substrate, buckling-driven self-assembly and kirigami assembly strategies, neutral layer design, and the new materials-based structure design likeliquid metals, etc. Moreover, the related advanced fabrication technology, the devices designs and applications of flexible electronics are also presented. The comprehensive and in-depth content makes this book can be used as a reference book for experienced researchers, as well as a teaching material for graduate students.

This book offers a comprehensive guide to the design and construction of process equipment and storage tanks. It covers the theoretical fundamentals of calculation methods and dimensioning techniques used in the design process, as well as the interpretation and evaluation of finite element examination results for stress concentrating cross-sections. Additionally, the book showcases corrosion-proof design through real-world examples. All measurement and calculation results presented in the book are based on the author's original research work.

This book covers preparation methods, characterization, and applications of most glass families. It reports the fundamentals of glass, challenges in the development, traditional and new manufacturing processes, characterization techniques, structural, thermal, and optical properties. The book reviews redox reactions in glasses and the factors affecting them, in addition to the techniques for determining the redox states and speciation of polyvalent ions in glass. A special chapter is dedicate to phosphate glasses, their importance, preparation methods, structure and properties. The use of different types of phosphate glasses in biomedicine, optics, electrochemistry, and as hosts for nuclear wastes is thoroughly discussed. Moreover, the applications of phosphate glasses in electronics and laser technology are also discussed in this book. Recent experimental studies such as the development of a novel bioglass system and the influence of ZnO,TiO2, and Al2O3 incorporation on structural, mechanical strength, degradation, pH variation, and formation of hydroxyapatite (Hap) layer on the glass surface are reported. Promising aluminum-silicate glassy system and its glass-ceramic counterpart are also presented in this books. An overview of the calorimetry approaches related to rare earth improvements on the thermal stability of glass is provided. The book discusses the advances in the chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) and based devices. It also reports their applications in optical devices, semiconductor circuits, and other applications. In addition, lanthanide and/or QDs doped luminescent glasses and their use in solid-state lighting and displays, security (anti-counterfeiting), optical temperature sensors, and solar energy (solar spectrum conversion) are reviewed along with a comparison of their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the nature of phthalocyanines as materials for glass coatings and most widely used synthesis methods of porphyrins and phthalocyanines are discussed.

This book discusses human reliability programs (HRPs) and their various elements, including safety and security case studies. The topics covered include significance and vulnerability aspects of human reliability and sustainable HRP, including case studies and lessons learned, methodologies used for human reliability analysis, and good practices of HRPs from various industries. Human reliability is widely used in fields requiring high standards of safety, such as the aviation, petroleum and chemical process, and nuclear industries. The book showcases contributions on the topic from experts in the field of technology, design, aviation, and nuclear industries. The book can be a valuable reference for researchers and professionals interested in HRP to ensure safety and security in industries.

This book provides new techniques for recovering exhaust heat from gas turbines, natural gas combined cycle power plants, biomass boilers, and waste heat recovery from compost and wastewater treatment plants The book provides modeling for the study and comparison of combined cycle power plants with a heat recovery boiler of three pressure levels with reheating, inserting a technological improvement of solar hybridization and partial regeneration in the gas turbine. It assesses the environmental impacts and economic sustainability associated with these improvements. In addition, it proposes emissions minimization, with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and emissions treatment with a CO2 capture plant (CCP) and combined cycle power plant. Finally, it provides new insights into heat recovery from compost and exhaust gases recovery from wastewater treatment plants.

This book presents the selected proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Manufacturing (RAM 2021). The book provides insights to current research trends and opportunities in modelling and optimization of manufacturing processes and systems. The topics covered include modelling analysis, computing and simulation, traditional and non-traditional optimization techniques, surface coating methods, additive manufacturing processes, CAD/CAM, robotics and automation, welding and joining processes, supply chain management and CAE and reverse engineering. This book will be a good reference for beginners, researchers and professionals interested in modelling and optimization related to manufacturing engineering and related fields.

The Bambara groundnut (BGN) or Vigna subterranea is an extremely hardy grain legume. As it produces reasonable yields even under conditions of drought and low soil fertility, it is also a climate-smart crop. Previously underutilized, BGN is the subject of growing interest among researchers and consumers for its balanced nutritional profile. Indigenous consumers of BGN report medicinal benefits from the plant; however, such knowledge is at risk of being lost with the urbanization and changing lifestyles of younger generations.To date, there is no comprehensive resource on the Bambara groundnut, despite market demand for plant proteins around the globe. Authored by scientists who have researched and developed patents using BGN, Bambara Groundnut: Utilization and Future Prospects aims to fill this gap. The text provides in-depth coverage on breeding, food and feed utilization, medicinal benefits and future research prospects. Drawing on both indigenous knowledge and cutting-edge research, Bambara Groundnut is the first book to fully explore the potential of this remarkable crop.

This book focuses on the use of nanoemulsion in enhanced oil recovery, along with a brief information about the emulsion and its types and different physico-chemical properties used to analyse the efficiency of the emulsions and nanoemulsions. The author discussed about the nanoemulsion, classification of emulsions and nanoemulsion and use of nanoemulsions in petroleum industry. A special attention has been laid on nanoemulsion and its advantages over commercial product, physico-chemical properties like emulsification, interfacial tension and wettability alteration study as a screening criteria for application in EOR. Given this content, this book offers an assessment for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of petroleum and chemical engineering along with the researchers working in the field of EOR. It is a subject of interest for oil and gas industry professionals.

The book explains the principles and fundamentals of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and highlights the current developments and future potential of the analytical green chemistry-oriented applications of various solutions. The book consists of sixteen chapters, including the history and milestones of GAC; issues related to teaching of green analytical chemistry and greening the university laboratories; evaluation of impact of analytical activities on the environmental and human health, direct techniques of detection, identification and determination of trace constituents; new achievements in the field of extraction of trace analytes from samples characterized by complex composition of the matrix; "green" nature of the derivatization process in analytical chemistry; passive techniques of sampling of analytes; green sorption materials used in analytical procedures; new types of solvents in the field of analytical chemistry. In addition green chromatography and related techniques,fast tests for assessment of the wide spectrum of pollutants in the different types of the medium, remote monitoring of environmental pollutants, qualitative and comparative evaluation, quantitative assessment, and future trends and perspectives are discussed. This book appeals to a wide readership of the academic and industrial researchers. In addition, it can be used in the classroom for undergraduate and graduate Ph.D. students focusing on elaboration of new analytical procedures for organic and inorganic compounds determination in different kinds of samples characterized by complex matrices composition.Jacek Namie¿nik was a Professor at the Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdäsk University of Technology, Poland. Justyna P¿otka-Wasylka is a teacher and researcher at the same department.

Multiscale modeling is becoming essential for accurate, rapid simulation in science and engineering. This book presents the results of three decades of research on multiscale modeling in process engineering from principles to application, and its generalization for different fields. This book considers the universality of meso-scale phenomena for the first time, and provides insight into the emerging discipline that unifies them, meso-science, as well as new perspectives for virtual process engineering. Multiscale modeling is applied in areas including: multiphase flow and fluid dynamicschemical, biochemical and process engineeringmineral processing and metallurgical engineeringenergy and resourcesmaterials science and engineeringJinghai Li is Vice-President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), a professor at the Institute of Process Engineering, CAS, and leader of the EMMS (Energy-minimizing multiscale) Group.Wei Ge, Wei Wang, Ning Yang and Junwu Wang are professors at the EMMS Group, part of the Institute of Process Engineering, CAS.Xinhua Liu, Limin Wang, Xianfeng He and Xiaowei Wang are associate professors at the EMMS Group, part of the Institute of Process Engineering, CAS.Mooson Kwauk is an emeritus director of the Institute of Process Engineering, CAS, and is an advisor to the EMMS Group.

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I am honored to chair this International Workshop on Functionally st Graded Materials in the 21 Century: A Workshop on Trends and Forecasts, and would like to first express my sincere gratitude to everyone participating. The Mechanical Engineering Laboratory and the Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center (JISTEC) have co-organized this workshop with the sponsorship of the Science and Technology Agency of Japan and the cooperation of the Association of Mechanical Technology. This workshop is an international conference to focus on functionally graded materials and the aim is to provide an overview of the present global technical trends and the future development of functionally graded materials over the next 10 years. I am very happy to see many researchers meeting together here - including seven researchers invited from abroad. During the three-day oral sessions, 36 research reports will be presented, and I'm sure I'm not the only one who is very anxious to hear and participate in the upcoming interesting discussions. At present, the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory is conducting fundamental and ground-breaking research in such major areas as materials science and technology, bioengineering, information & system science, advanced machine technology, energy technology, manufacturing technology and robotics. In particular, we consider research on materials science and technology to have the highest priority for the 21st century. and since 1996 have participated in the US-Japan joint research project, Precompetitive Processing and Characterization of Functionally Graded Materials.

Interdisziplinäres Wissen praxisnah aufbereitetDie gesamte Umweltproblematik wurde umfassend von einem Top-Autorenteam aus Industrie und Hochschule aufbereitet. Fundiertes wissenschaftliches Grundlagenwissen, verbunden mit Erfahrungen aus der Praxis auf dem aktuellen Stand der Technik machen das Handbuch zu einer unentbehrlichen Informationsquelle.Ihr kompetenter RatgeberDie vielfältigen Informationen, übersichtlich gegliedert in 5 Bänden, geben diesem Werk einen enzyklopädischen Charakter, der es sowohl für den Fachmann als auch für den Neueinsteiger zu einem unverzichtbaren Werkzeug macht.Aktuelles Wissen aus Forschung und PraxisDer Wert dieses Werkes liegt in der interdisziplinären Betrachtungsweise. Die Aufbereitung der einzelnen Themenkomplexe, unterstützt durch zahlreiche Abbildungen, Graphiken und Tabellen, gewährleisten eine schnelle Aufnahme der Information.-> Sichern Sie sich kompaktes Umweltwissen-> 5 Bände im Set zur Subskription-> Eine kluge Investition zum günstigen Preis

A riveting look at the science, technology and people involved in overcoming early impracticalities of the fledgling chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis method and its development in today's state of commercial readiness. Provides insights into numerous vapor phase techniques. Surveys the synthesis, structure, properties and applications of diamondlike carbon. Details current and rapidly emerging applications, manufacturing and markets.