Aerospace Engineering

Interfacial phenomena play a crucial role in various industrial processes and daily operations. These phenomena are related to the formation of emulsions and foams, adsorption on solid and fluid interfaces, wettability alteration, and others that strongly impact the quality and cost of products and processes. Understanding the interfacial phenomena encompasses inexorably the description of surface thermodynamics and the assessment of thermodynamic properties. The book Fundamentals of Surface Thermodynamics introduces the basics of the thermodynamics of interface from a perspective of chemical engineering thermodynamics and surface chemistry. It provides insights into real-life phenomena, emphasizing the practical significance of abstract properties routinely dealt with by scientists and engineers. The book is tailored for both graduate and undergraduate courses in chemistry and engineering schools. The book content is particularly beneficial for industry professionals involved in oil & gas, fluid transportation, nanotechnology, and other operations with multiphase complex systems, where the process effectiveness is affected by interfacial phenomena.The Fundamentals of Surface Thermodynamics brings a comprehensive description of colloidal science, ranging from conventional surfactant applications to responsive systems and nanomaterials applied to life science. The author invites the reader on a journey into the fascinating world where small-dimension entities breathe. The book aims to inspire students and professionals to delve deep into the intricacies of interface thermodynamics, thereby contributing to supporting education activities and enabling industrial solutions.

This open access book introduces the fundamentals of the space-time conservation element and solution element (CESE) method, which is a novel numerical approach for solving equations of physical conservation laws. It highlights the recent progress to establish various improved CESE schemes and its engineering applications. With attractive accuracy, efficiency, and robustness, the CESE method is particularly suitable for solving time-dependent nonlinear hyperbolic systems involving dynamical evolutions of waves and discontinuities. Therefore, it has been applied to a wide spectrum of problems, e.g., aerodynamics, aeroacoustics, magnetohydrodynamics, multi-material flows, and detonations. This book contains algorithm analysis, numerical examples, as well as demonstration codes. This book is intended for graduate students and researchers who are interested in the fields such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD), mechanical engineering, and numerical computation.

Introduction.- The evolution of OCAC and its basic working principles.- OCAC for fuel conversion without CO2 capture.- OCAC technology in oxy-fuel combustion for carbon capture.- New concepts for OCAC in other applications.- Perspectives on future research.- Conclusions.

This book provides new techniques for recovering exhaust heat from gas turbines, natural gas combined cycle power plants, biomass boilers, and waste heat recovery from compost and wastewater treatment plants The book provides modeling for the study and comparison of combined cycle power plants with a heat recovery boiler of three pressure levels with reheating, inserting a technological improvement of solar hybridization and partial regeneration in the gas turbine. It assesses the environmental impacts and economic sustainability associated with these improvements. In addition, it proposes emissions minimization, with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and emissions treatment with a CO2 capture plant (CCP) and combined cycle power plant. Finally, it provides new insights into heat recovery from compost and exhaust gases recovery from wastewater treatment plants.

This book mainly presents the authors' recent studies on the distributed attitude consensus of multiple flexible spacecraft. Modified Rodrigues parameters and rotation matrix are used to represent spacecraft attitude. Several distributed adaptive controllers are presented with theoretical analyses, numerical simulations and experimental verifications. The authors intend to provide a manual that allows researchers, engineers and students in the field of aerospace engineering and mechanics to learn a theoretical and practical approach to the design of attitude consensus algorithms.

This brief approaches General Relativity from a planetary navigation perspective, delving into the unconventional mathematical methods required to produce computer software for space missions. It provides a derivation of the Einstein field equations and describes experiments performed on the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission, spanning General Relativity Theory from the fundamental assumptions to experimental verification.The software used for planetary missions is derived from mathematics that use matrix notation. An alternative is to use Einstein summation notation, which enables the mathematics to be presented in a compact form but makes the geometry difficult to understand. In this book, the relationship of matrix notation to summation notation is shown. The purpose is to enable the reader to derive the mathematics used in the software in either matrix notation or summation notation. This brief is a useful tool for advanced students andyoung professionals embarking on careers in planetary navigation.

Back Cover Text:This book addresses the study of the gaseous state of granular matter in the conditions of rapid flow caused by a violent and sustained excitation. In this regime, grains only touch each other during collisions and hence, kinetic theory is a very useful tool to study granular flows. The main difference with respect to ordinary or molecular fluids is that grains are macroscopic and so, their collisions are inelastic. Given the interest in the effects of collisional dissipation on granular media under rapid flow conditions, the emphasis of this book is on an idealized model (smooth inelastic hard spheres) that isolates this effect from other important properties of granular systems. In this simple model, the inelasticity of collisions is only accounted for by a (positive) constant coefficient of normal restitution.The author of this monograph uses a kinetic theory description (which can be considered as a mesoscopic description between statistical mechanics and hydrodynamics) to study granular flows from a microscopic point of view. In particular, the inelastic version of the Boltzmann and Enskog kinetic equations is the starting point of the analysis. Conventional methods such as Chapman-Enskog expansion, Grad's moment method and/or kinetic models are generalized to dissipative systems to get the forms of the transport coefficients and hydrodynamics. The knowledge of granular hydrodynamics opens up the possibility of understanding interesting problems such as the spontaneous formation of density clusters and velocity vortices in freely cooling flows and/or the lack of energy equipartition in granular mixtures.Some of the topics covered in this monograph include: Navier-Stokes transport coefficients for granular gases at moderate densities Long-wavelength instability in freely cooling flows Non-Newtonian transport properties in granular shear flows Energynonequipartition in freely cooling granular mixtures Diffusion in strongly sheared granular mixtures Exact solutions to the Boltzmann equation for inelastic Maxwell models

This book, which is published in two volumes, studies heat transfer problems by modern numerical methods. Basic mathematical models of heat transfer are considered. The main approaches to the analysis of the models by traditional means of applied mathematics are described. Numerical methods for the approximate solution of steady and unsteady-state heat conduction problems are discussed. Investigation of difference schemes is based on the general stability theory. Much emphasis is put on problems in which phase transitions are involved and on heat and mass transfer problems. Problems of controlling and optimizing heat processes are discussed in detail. These processes are described by partial differential equations, and the main approaches to numerical solution of the optimal control problems involved here are discussed. Aspects of numerical solution of inverse heat exchange problems are considered. Much attention is paid to the most important applied problems of identifying coefficients and boundary conditions for a heat transfer equation. This first volume considers the mathematical models of heat transfer, classic analytical solution methods for heat conduction problems, numerical methods for steady-state and transient heat conduction problems, and phase change problems. The second volume presents solution techniques for complicated heat transfer problems (radiation, convection, thermoelasticity, thermal process control and inverse problems) as well as some examples of solving particular heat transfer problems.

This textbook discusses the development and analysis of polygeneration systems to generate electricity, fresh water, hot air, cold air, and hot water from a source of energy. Topics covered in this book are desalination with no pressure or vacuum components; combined use of refrigerator and heat pump with a vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) cycle; binary fluid polygeneration; compact units; and flexible operation. It covers four polygeneration configurations, viz. binary fluid polygeneration with single-stage HDH, binary fluid polygeneration with double-stage HDH, heat pump polygeneration with single-stage HDH, and heat pump polygeneration with double-stage polygeneration. End-of-chapter problems and solved examples aid in self learning of the students. The textbook is useful for graduate and advanced graduate students studying courses such as polygeneration, sustainable energy, power generation, and alike. This book is also a useful supplementary text for researchers influid dynamics, thermal engineering, and allied fields.

The book focuses on infrared thermographic NDT systems and approaches. Both principles and engineering practice are covered, with more emphasis on the engineering practice of spacecraft damage detection and analysis. This is achieved by providing an in-depth study of several major topics such as infrared feature extraction, damage reconstruction, reconstructed image fusion, reconstructed image stitching, reconstructed image segmentation, defect positioning, defect edge detection and quantitative calculation. A number of application cases are discussed in detail, including impact damage to single-layer and multi-layer protective configurations, simple impact damage, and complex multi-type impact damage. The comprehensive and systematic treatment of practical problems in infrared detection and spacecraft damage identification is one of the main features of this book, which is particularly suitable for those interested in learning practical solutions in infrared detection technology. This book can benefit researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the fields of aerospace design and manufacturing, spacecraft environmental engineering, and non-destructive testing technology, etc.

Special Topics in Structural Dynamics & Experimental Techniques, Volume 5: Proceedings of the 42nd IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2024, the fifth volume of ten from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Structural Dynamics, including papers on: Active Control Experimental Techniques Finite Element Techniques Multifunction Structures System Identification Additive Manufacturing Rotating Machinery

Sustainable and green eco-friendly remediation technologies to tackle environmental issues are currently being developed. This book covers advancements and achievements in the application of tailored biopolymers for green environmental pollution remediation technologies. It covers plant-based and animal sourced biopolymers, composites and biopolymer-based membrane technology.

This book is a useful source of knowledge for engineers and scientists in the field of mechanics of deformation and destruction of composite materials.In Chapter 1 three-dimensional equations of elasticity theory composed for the case of finite displacements and deformations of solids have been analyzed. It is found that the generally accepted simplifications known in the literature and carried out for the case of small deformations result in equations that are considered to be absolutely correct and consistent in all scientific and educational literature on mechanics of deformable solid bodies. However, this conclusion is not sufficiently well-founded as confirmed by formulation and solution of problems on the basis of generally accepted equations for determining both the stress-strain state (SSS) and the critical loads and buckling modes. In Chapter 2 the theoretical and experimental methods for determining the mechanical characteristics of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) based on tensile and compression tests of flat specimens with [0]s , [±90]s, and [±45]2s lay-ups are analyzed. For FRPs with [±45]2s lay-ups, relations are derived for determining the components of lamina strains and stresses in the orthotropy axes of FRP monolayer in terms of axial strains and Poisson ratios of specimens measured in experiments. In Chapter 3 the structure of a unidirectional fibre composite of two types ELUR-P carbon fibre based on KhT-118 cold-curing binder and HSE 180 REM prepreg based on hot-curing binder has been studied. The diameters of fibres and fibre bundles (filaments) of both types of composites have been measured. Based on the results of the analysis of the composite material structure, a refined formulation of the linearised problems of a refined statement of linearized problems on flat internal multiscale buckling modes of a rigid lamina with either fibers or a fiber bundle is presented taking into account their interaction with an epoxy matrix. In Chapter 4 for shells of a layered structure based on the Timoshenko's model, taking into account the transverse compression used for each layer, two versions of two-dimensional equations are constructed that describe geometrically nonlinear deformation with arbitrary displacements and small deformations. The formulation of a linear problem on the initial (subcritical) stress-strain state of a test specimen from a unidirectional fibrous composite with the [900]s structure during tension-compression tests with shear is given. A numerical method for solving the formulated problem is developed, which is based on the reduction of the original problem to a system of integro-algebraic equations and the search for their numerical solution by the finite sum method. In Chapter 5 conclusions were done and directions for further research have been identified.

The convergence of 1) the intensification of space exploration and 2) the increasing understanding of the world at the atomic and molecular level, nanotechnology, has resulted in a synergy of discoveries and innovations. The result of this synergy may result in leaps in the exploration beyond the surface of the earth but also improve life on our home planet.The content describes the challenge of escaping the earth's surface, remaining in orbits around our planet, and landing and surviving on worlds away. The associated space environments and variables are covered in general terms and not in an encyclopedic manner. Discoveries in the nanotechnology arena as they can be applied to space exploration are also covered in an understandable manner.This book is a must for people who are working in the "space" industry who need to know not only more about the many aspects of their industry but also must understand nano-scale implications for the future. Likewise, participants in the nanotechnology arena who want to understand the challenges of space exploration will find critical information in this text.

Over the years, the uses and applications of rare earth elements (REEs) diversified in various fields such as catalysis, production of magnets, glasses, alloys, and electronics. This book consists of fifteen chapters, which present recent advances and outlook on REEs and their oxides/salts in catalytic organic transformations, biomedical applications, bioremediation and environmental impacts.

This open access book presents a comprehensive exploration of diffusion metamaterials that control energy and mass diffusion. Currently, if from the perspective of governing equations, diffusion metamaterials and wave metamaterials (pioneered by J. B. Pendry in the 1990s) are recognised as the two most prominent branches in the field of metamaterials. These two branches differ in their emphasis on the diffusion equation (as the governing equation) and time-dependent characteristic lengths in diffusion metamaterials, as opposed to the wave equation (as the governing equation) and time-independent characteristic lengths in wave metamaterials. Organized into three distinct parts - 'Thermal Diffusion Metamaterials', 'Particle Diffusion Metamaterials', and 'Plasma Diffusion Metamaterials' - this book offers a rigorous exploration spanning physics, engineering, and materials science, aimed at advancing our understanding of diffusion processes controlled by diffusion metamaterials. Incorporating foundational theory, computational simulations, and laboratory experiments, the book equips researchers and scholars across these disciplines with comprehensive methods, insights, and results pivotal to the advancement of diffusion control. Beyond facilitating interdisciplinary discourse, the book serves as a catalyst for innovative breakthroughs at the crossroads of physics, thermodynamics, and materials science. Essentially, readers will acquire profound insights that empower them to spearhead advancements in diffusion science (diffusionics) and the engineering of metamaterials.

This engaging and accessible book is designed as a quick and easy way to get up to speed on all things in space technology. It also offers extensive references and links that allow readers to delve deeper into the subject.Whether you were a newcomer to space technology or a seasoned professional, this book is the best way to brush up on the basics of everything from satellite design and construction to the physics behind objects orbiting celestial bodies.Written in an accessible tone that is easy to understand, this book is perfect for reading during a short flight or any other spare moment you might have. You can learn about the main laws of Physics behind objects in orbit, the environments that satellites face while in space, and the processes involved in designing and building these incredible machines. Along the way, you can also get a glimpse into the history of space technology, including the foundational technologies that have made it all possible. So why not join the community of space enthusiasts and get up to speed on everything you need to know about space technology?

This highly informative and carefully presented book offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of thermal engineering. The book focuses both on the fundamentals and more complex topics such as the basics of thermodynamics, Zeroth Law of thermodynamics, first law of thermodynamics, application of first law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics, entropy, availability and irreversibility, properties of pure substance, vapor power cycles, introduction to working of IC engines, air-standard cycles, gas turbines and jet propulsion, thermodynamic property relations and combustion. The author has included end-of-chapter problems and worked examples to augment learning and self-testing. This book is a useful reference to undergraduate students in the area of mechanical engineering.

Thermomechanics & Infrared Imaging, Inverse Problem Methodologies and Mechanics of Additive & Advanced Manufactured Materials, Volume 6 of the Proceedings of the 2022 SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the sixth volume of six from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on a wide range of areas, including: Test Design and Inverse Method AlgorithmsInverse Problems: Virtual Fields MethodMaterial Characterizations Using ThermographyFatigue, Damage & Fracture Evaluation Using Infrared ThermographyResidual StressMechanics of Additive & Advanced Manufactured Materials

Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Review of theories and a classification of tortuosity types.- Chapter 3. Review of empirical data from literature - tortuosity-porosity relationships.- Chapter 4. Methodologies, workflows and calculation approaches.- Chapter 5. Towards a quantitative understanding of microstructure - property relationships.- Chapter 6. Summary and Conclusions.

This book consists of selected peer-reviewed papers from the 2nd International Seminar on Aeronautics and Energy (ISAE 2022) focusing on the theme to revive the aviation industry post-COVID-19 pandemic. The topics discussed in this book include aircraft design and optimization, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and experimental aerodynamics, aircraft structure and aeroelasticity, guidance control and navigation, aircraft manufacturing and health monitoring avionics and system integration of UAV/drones, SITL AND HITL application on drones, rockets and missile, industrial wind engineering, green fuel and aviation sustainability, and aviation management. This book is a valuable resource for academicians and industry players in the field of aviation and sustainability.