Medizinische Ethik

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Le développement et la commercialisation de plantes génétiquement modifiées, ou de produits alimentaires qui en sont issus suscitent depuis les années 1990 de nombreuses controverses. Confrontés aux diverses oppositions exprimées par le public, plusieurs pays ont eu recours ces dernières années à des comités d'éthique, ayant pour mission de procéder à une évaluation éthique de la diffusion de cultures de plantes transgéniques. Ces comités sont censés être pluralistes et fournir des avis indépendants. Afin d'examiner si tel en est le cas, nous nous interrogeons sur la façon dont fonctionnent ces comités et analysons comment s'y pratique une éthique appliquée. Ces comités sont-ils effectivement des lieux où s'exprime une véritable pluralité de points de vue ? Comment a-t-on construit des avis consensuels ? Quels présupposés philosophiques président à la formation de ces avis ? Les avis ont-ils été pris en compte par le politique ? Ont-ils été à l'origine de débats ouverts et poursuivis dans d'autres arènes et milieux ? Au vu de l'analyse du fonctionnement de ces comités et de l'examen du contenu de leurs avis, nous proposons enfin une méthode pour l'évaluation éthique des plantes transgéniques. L'ensemble de cette étude nous permettra de formuler des recommandations à la fois sur le fonctionnement des comités d'éthique et sur l'articulation de leur travail avec le débat public.

This book analyses the concept of disease, as defined in the context of evolutionary medicine. Upon introducing the reader to evolutionary medicine in its current form and describing its approach to disease instances, the book leverages thoughts and instruments of knowledge of epistemology, social sciences, and ethics to answer the question: "How can we build a timely and appropriate concept of disease?" At first, it looks at the social concerns of medicalization, for example focusing on the suffering of people who have not been diagnosed, or whose suffering is not caused by certain elements that falls under the definitions of disease. In turn, it merges different, both conceptual and empirical considerations in one comprehensive analysis, with the aim of fostering a multidisciplinary understanding of the phenomenon of disease. This book also highlights certain kinds of epistemic injustices that are taking place in the healthcare system, as this is currently conceived in post-industrial societies, thus offering a timely contribution to the current debate around social justice in healthcare.

Toköthanat¿ology (n): The theoretical study of the parallels between birth and death, especially in medical care. What do birth and death have in common? They both represent times of profound change, when patients and their families need emotional support and empathy from their caregivers-things they don't teach in medical school. The practical skills and knowledge required to provide care in obstetrics and palliative care are essential. But dealing with the deeper meaning, the human connection, is equally important. The very nature of these events encourages the caregiver to walk alongside the patient, to assist rather than control.In Bookends, Dr. Susan Boron explores the powerfully human aspects of caring for people at both ends of their lives. She shows how expertise in one area of care easily transfers to the other, increasing confidence and improving care and satisfaction for practitioner and patient alike.

This book addresses the many ethical issues and extraordinary risks that nurses and others are facing during the COVID-19 pandemic, which creates physical, emotional, and economic burdens, affecting nurses' overall health and well-being. Nurses are essential front-line clinicians across all health care settings and in every nation. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARs-CoV-2 virus has affected children, adults, and communities within and across all societies. Nurses, too, have contracted the virus and died from the disease. They have also seen their colleagues, family members, and friends hospitalized or in intensive care units struggling to survive. Nursing's professionalism and disciplinary resolve to care for patients and families amidst confusion, misinformation, and shifting guidelines has been called "heroic" by the public. How much risk should nurses be expected to accept during a pandemic? How do nurses help patients and families find comfort and dignity at the end-of-life? How do we help nurses who are suffering from moral distress and mental health concerns from what they have seen, been asked to do, or are unable to provide? And, how does society move forward from a pandemic that has challenged our basic ethical principles of justice and what is "fair, good and right" in caring for those who need care, including the most vulnerable and nurses themselves? This book addresses these and other ethical concerns that nurses are facing in their day-to-day clinical practice; experiences shared with patients, families, and colleagues. Although this book was written while the pandemic was still raging across the United States and globally, the events needed to be told as they were unfolding. This book helps us to learn from both the successes and failures that are affecting so many across the globe, including those on whom the public relies on to provide quality, compassionate, and expert care when they are sick: nurses.

The primary aim of this textbook is to contribute towards the promotion of human security by educating nurses with a profound understanding of disaster nursing and to conduct innovative research and practices in cooperation. This textbook emphasizes on multi-professional connections; offers knowledge on how Japanese disaster nursing got evolved in changing social contexts and provides various case studies that reflect wonderful practices in the disaster nursing field which have contributed to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and sustainable human security. Frequent disasters have triggered the need for more trans-disciplinary work, high-level care throughout all phases of a disaster event, and the need for nursing leaders. Apart from hospitals, in local communities, nurses can take a role to mitigate health risks. Being a member of every part of the healthcare system, they can become critically needed leaders in emergency management and disaster preparedness. This work includes a DRR Framework and the application to disaster nursing, information on preparedness and community resilience and on the related disciplines and coordination with disaster nursing. It informs on the challenges in disaster nursing, offers instructional design, education development and research in disaster nursing.Students, professional nurses, clinicians, community health practitioners, health volunteers, disaster support organizations, researchers, and community partners who are involved in the care of disaster survivors can use this resource. Written by distinguished experts with diverse backgrounds of nursing, public health, health informatics, and geography, this book shows how practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and multiple community stakeholders who can collaborate effectively and efficiently to restore primary health care of survivors after a local disaster.

This open access book offers insights in short- and long-term experiences from families with bone marrow transplantations between minor siblings. It is based on the first extended qualitative study with 17 families about experiences with recent transplants and experiences with transplants up to 20 years in the past. It covers reflections of donors, recipients and other family members, as well as family interactions. Transplantation of bone marrow from one sibling to another who is ill with a blood cancer (such as Leukemia) is a life-saving therapy. Young children however are not in a position to give consent themselves. How should they be adequately included, depending to their age? Which ethical questions are raised for the parents both at the time of treatment and afterwards, and for the medical professionals in clinical and regulatory contexts? For an in-depth discussion of the findings the books brings together a group of leading scholars from the fields of bioethics,family sociology and philosophy of medicine.

"Alice per la maggior parte del tempo portava vestiti dell'ospedale. Si svegliava quando glielo dicevano, si lavava e si vestiva quando glielo dicevano, mangiava quando glielo dicevano. Viveva con chiunque le dicevano che dovesse vivere. Alice si sentiva in prigione, come se l'avessero messa dentro per vecchiaia". La caducità umana può essere un argomento infido. Si può innegabilmente provare una sorta di disagio ad affrontare temi che la riguardano. Ma se fossimo vittime proprio del nostro rifiuto di accettare l'inesorabilità del ciclo vitale? E se ci fossero invece approcci migliori, proprio lì, davanti ai nostri occhi, che chiedono solo di essere riconosciuti? Sicuramente la qualità di vita di anziani e malati potrebbe migliorare. Atul Gawande presenta e discute le principali difficoltà incontrate nell'Occidente industriale dai servizi assistenziali per gli anziani, e propone alternative. Nel suo classico stile equilibrato, lucido e coinvolgente, mostra come, per provare a migliorare la qualità della vita di persone molto anziane a malate, occorra prima di tutto interrogarsi su che cosa ciascuno di noi intende per qualità della vita così da accorgersi che ciò che rende la vita degna di essere vissuta non coincide soltanto con sicurezza e salute. Molte altre sono le sfide da affrontare quando il medico vuole fare meglio, e vuole far andare meglio le cose, quando ha cioè cura di ascoltare il paziente...

Wie kann die Versorgungsqualität in der Pflege durch neue Technologien verbessert werden? Die Studie widmet sich der Praktikabilität von Tageslichtprojektoren im Pflegealltag der stationären Akutversorgung kognitiv beeinträchtigter Patient:innen im Krankenhaus. Dazu werden die Erfahrungen und Einschätzungen von Pflegefachpersonal, Patient:innen und Angehörigen betrachtet. Die Autor:innen veranschaulichen den Nutzen, die Grenzen und das Potenzial dieser 'Wunderlampen' - und geben praxisnahe Empfehlungen für die Integration in den pflegerischen Alltag.

Das essential beleuchtet, wie Altersbilder und der öffentliche Diskurs über den Pflegenotstand die Versorgung älterer Menschen beeinflussen. Es zeigt, dass stereotype Altersbilder die Pflegepraxis negativ prägen können und betont die Rolle der Medien als Motor für Reformen im Pflegebereich. Pflegekräfte sollen ihre eigenen Einstellungen reflektieren und sich der Wirkung medialer Diskussionen bewusst werden. Für Pflegewissenschaft und -politik wird die Bedeutung von Advocacy und Schulungskonzepten zur Förderung positiver Altersbilder hervorgehoben.Der Inhalt• Bedeutung und Förderung positiver Altersbilder zur Verbesserung der Versorgung • Differenzierung von Altern und Krankheit • Pflegenotstand als Stigmawort zur Darstellung sozialer und politischer Missstände

Die Erbforscher Heinrich Poll, Günther Just und Fritz Steiniger haben vor und während der NS-Zeit umfangreich publiziert, sind jedoch bisher wenig beachtet worden. H. Poll erkundete trotz seiner jüdischen Abstammung auch die Korrelation von körperlichen Merkmalen mit der 'Rassenzugehörigkeit' von Menschen. G. Just stand dem Rassendenken fern und beschäftigte sich vor der NS-Zeit unter anderem mit Propaganda für Eugenik. Später wandte er sich soziologischen Themen zu. F. Steiniger widmete sich primär ökologischen Fragen, bearbeitete jedoch auch ein neues Tiermodell für erbliche 'Hasenscharten'. In diesem Kontext plädierte er gegen die Zwangssterilisation. Zur Prävention von Fleckfieberepidemien musste er sich im Zweiten Weltkrieg um die Bekämpfung von Läusen in den eroberten baltischen Staaten kümmern. Birte Steiniger erweitert mit diesem Buch das Wissen über drei weniger prominente deutsche Erbforscher in einem Lehrer-Schüler-Verhältnis und zeigt unerwartete Forschungsthemen und Einstellungen.The biographies of Günther Just, Heinrich Poll and Fritz Steiniger stand for the wide range of topics and attitudes in German genetic research before and during the Nazi period. H. Poll was a medical professor of Jewish descent, head of the Institute of Anatomy and dean of the Hamburg medical faculty. He was forced to retire in 1933. In contrast to G. Just and F. Steiniger he conducted racial research. His PhD student, the zoologist G. Just, headed both the Institute of Genetic Research in Greifswald and a genetic department in the "Reichsgesundheitsamt" in Berlin. G. Just tried to pro- mote voluntary eugenics from 1925 to 1933, but then left this topic and turned to social anthropo- logy comparing individual school performance to professional performance. Natural philosophy, holism and religious vitalism dominated his thoughts. G. Just's career was not entirely straightforward, because he rejected racism and other ideologies of the time. This was also true for his pupil F. Steiniger, who was a field zoologist and ornithologist commanded to establish an institute for eradication of lice in the occupied town of Riga in Estonia during World War II.