Histoire économique

GB

Weltweit gibt es über 160 verschiedene Währungen, jede mit einem Monopol innerhalb ihres eigenen Rechtsraums. Doch abgesehen von einer Handvoll stabilerer Währungen, verlieren die meisten von ihnen mit der Zeit rapide an Wert und finden kaum Akzeptanz außerhalb ihrer Landesgrenzen. Grenzüberschreitende Zahlungsengpässe, Umrechnungsprobleme und Währungswechsel machen das globale Finanzsystem in gewisser Weise zu einem modernen Tauschhandel. Wer im "falschen" Land geboren wurde, hat es besonders schwer, effektiv zu sparen. Während stetig steigende Energieproduktion und der technologische Fortschritt durch Elektronik unseren Lebensstandard kontinuierlich verbessert haben, hinkt das globale Finanzsystem dieser Entwicklung hinterher und bremst das wirtschaftliche Potenzial aus. Diese Problematik trifft nicht nur Schwellenländer, sondern wird zunehmend auch in den Industrieländern spürbar, wo Schulden und Defizite außer Kontrolle geraten und Wellen von Inflation und Bankenzusammenbrüchen die Weltwirtschaft erschüttern.Wie konnte es so weit kommen? Warum ist unser Geld im 21. Jahrhundert immer noch so unzulänglich?Politische Eingriffe können zwar kurzfristige und lokale Verbesserungen bringen, doch nur Technologie schafft nachhaltige und globale Veränderungen. Genau wie Gold einst Muscheln ersetzt hat, und wie Zentralbanken eine logische Konsequenz der Einführung von Geldscheinen aus Papyrus sind, und sogar wie die Erfindung des Telegraphen nur eine erste Etappe auf dem Entwicklungspfad hin zu Bitcoin darstellt, fällt die Bedeutsamkeit von Technologie insbesondere im Geldwesen auf.In BROKEN MONEY nimmt Lyn Alden ihre Leser mit auf eine spannende Reise durch die technologische Evolution des Geldes. Sie beleuchtet die Ursprünge des Geldwesens, wagt einen Blick in die Zukunft und hinterfragt die fundamentalen Grundlagen, auf denen unsere heutigen Geldsysteme beruhen.

Die Bedeutung des betrieblichen Rechnungswesens für unternehmerische Entscheidungen ist heute unbestritten. Doch galt dieser Zusammenhang auch für Unternehmen des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts? Das Buch beantwortet diese Frage am Beispiel der deutschen Chemieindustrie und bietet neue Einsichten in die Entwicklung betriebswirtschaftlichen und bilanziellen Wissens zwischen den 1860er Jahren und dem Ersten Weltkrieg.

Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Prelude: Price Deflation, 1865-1897.- Chapter 3. Prices Begin a Slow Rise, 1897-1909.- Chapter 4. Concern Intensifies in 1910: What or Whom to Blame?.- Chapter 5. Reform in Detail: Attempted Remedies for Rising Prices, 1910-1914.- Chapter 6. Food Prices, Democratic Political Gains, and Legislation, 1911-1914.- Chapter 7. The High Cost of Living: Respite and Upsurge, 1915 toEarly 1917.- Chapter 8. The Inflation Muddle, 1915 to June 1917.- Chapter 9. War Finance and Prices.- Chapter 10. One Commodity at a Time: Wartime Attempts to Restrain Prices and Profiteering.- Chapter 11. Getting By: Earners Confront Changing Real Incomes.- Chapter 12. Postwar: Brief Respite and Resurgent High Cost of Living, 1919-1920.- Chapter 13. Confronting High Prices: Pursuing Profiteering and Systemic Causes, 1919-1920.- Chapter 14. Inflation vs. Deflation, 1920: Anxiety, Indecision, Reversal, and Electoral Upheaval.- Chapter 15. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' Cost-of-Living Index.- Chapter 16. Deflation's Consequences: Winners, Losers, and a Brief New Normalcy.- Chapter 17. Epilogue: 1920s to Present.- Chapter 18. Conclusion.

This book takes as its point of departure the strong Swedish economic-historical scholarly tradition that has combined rigorous macroeconomic analysis with a classical institutional approach when investigating Swedish economic development. One important scholar in this tradition is Professor Lena Andersson-Skog, who has in her scholarly work focused on, among other things, the role of infrastructure, regulation, entrepreneurship, and female labour. To honour Andersson-Skog's path-breaking work, this book consists of chapters written by her colleagues and former students in which they combine this tradition with new research into the themes of the role of infrastructure, institutional framework and regulation, entrepreneurship, and female labour. This is not an ordinary Festschrift, but rather a collection of essays of recent important research into Swedish economic history, with new data and insights.

This research presents a rigorous investigation of US companies' financial resilience within the S&P 500 index from the year 2000 onward. The book focuses on the process of a company's bounce back to pre-crisis levels after a disturbance, exploring resilience measured through recovery duration and various financial performance indicators. The study analyzes three significant crises faced by the US during this period - the dotcom crisis, the global financial crisis, and the pandemic crisis. Through applied cox hazard regression and panel regression, the book reveals valuable empirical insights on factors impacting corporate financial resilience, sector-specific crisis effects, and essential considerations when interpreting the results. Investors, corporations, and researchers alike will find this data-driven resource a paramount asset in navigating the complexities of financial markets and fortifying corporate financial resilience for a prosperous future.

This open access book explores the history of pellagra, a vitamin deficiency disease brought about by a shift in agriculture to maize, and which was first identified in Italy in the 1760s. With a focus on the insanity that was caused by the disease, the authors examine how thousands of patients were treated in Italian psychiatric asylums, shedding light on the sufferer's point of view. Setting pellagrous insanity in a wider context of man-made or societal (anthropogenic) disease, where poverty, diet and disease meet, the book contributes to the history of medicine and science, the history of psychiatry, economic and social history, agrarian history, and food and nutrition history. Additionally, the authors aim to transnationalise Italian history by making comparisons with related issues, such as tertiary syphilis in the UK. Drawing from a wide range of printed and archival sources, including the writings of Italian medical investigators, the book examines how medical and scientificresearch was carried out during the long nineteenth century and the uncertainties that this engendered, in terms of classification, explanation, diagnosis and treatment. Offering a unique perspective on an endemic illness which came to be known as the disease of the four ds: dermatitis; diarrhea; dementia; and death, this book provides an engaging account of one of the most perplexing causes of mental illness.

Human capital is of utmost importance for the future of our knowledge economies and societies. However, it is unequally distributed in Europe, contributing to marked spatial patterns of economic prosperity within and across countries. In many cases, these patterns have a long history. To understand them better, it requires to go back in time, when mass schooling was starting to become a reality across Europe. Taking a long-run perspective over more than 150 years, this book shows the development and the distribution of human capital in the regions of Europe and its connections with the economy. It provides insights into recent research findings in this area, including theoretical advances and the use of new empirical data.

This is the first book to focus comparatively on the development processes of finance in China and Japan during the prewar period. The key issue is how to evaluate the role of government in the establishing of modern financial system. Both China and Japan started from a similar pre-modern situation in the middle of 19th century in that the monetary conditions were primitive and complicated, the traditional financial institutions were money-exchange-based, and above all, both countries had faced serious challenging pressure from the Western powers. International or domestic military affairs largely affected the development processes in both countries. While Japan succeeded in establishing its modern financial system that consistently supported its economic growth, China failed to modernize its money and banking system effectively at least until the end of World War II and the government had to change hands to the socialists, which further delayed the financial development. The experience of Japan suggests that the establishment of modern financial system may not simply be as a result of "spontaneous order", a concept used by Hayek, at least for the case of a catching-up country. The evolution process of money and banking in China shows that the role of government, especially its enforcement ability of and compliance to the rule of law may be more important than the "legal origins".

This book, set out over three-volumes, provides a comprehensive history of economic thought in the 20th century with special attention to the cultural and historical background in the development of theories, to the leading or the peripheral research communities and their interactions, and finally to an assessment and critical appreciation of economic theories. Volume II addresses economic theory in the period between the two world wars in which the economic theory went through a process of criticism of old mainstream, deconstruction and reconstruction and theoretical ferment which involved the intellectual communities of economists emphasizing their nature of evolving interacting entities. This work provides a significant and original contribution to the history of economic thought and gives insight to the thinking of some of the major international figures in economics. It will appeal to students, scholars and the more informed reader wishing to further their understanding of the history of the discipline.

This book, the first of two volumes, explores the legacy of Trevor Winchester Swan, often described as Australia's greatest ever economist. An insightful biography is accompanied with Swan's most prominent articles to provide a broad view of his life and work. Particular attention is given to the famous Swan Diagram, known among macroeconomists worldwide, Swan's four zones of economic unhappiness, his view of how economies grew based on capital deepening and technical progress, and the Solow-Swan model of economic growth.This book aims to shed light on the enigmatic and influential life of Trevor Winchester Swan. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in the history of economic thought.

The exclusion of the destitute population from the formal financial system is a long-standing problem in India. This book examines the performance of financial inclusion policies in India to understand their impact on two urban vulnerable groups, Slum Dwellers and Beggars. This study includes analysis at the national level, the variables of the financial inclusion index like Penetration, Availability, and Usage from 2006 to 2020 from the world bank data set. Similarly, the authors examine five policies on financial inclusion by conducting a primary level survey on two urban capital cities of Lucknow and Kolkata, using a well-structured questionnaire for data collection. The authors uses two sampling techniques: simple random in the case of beggars, and stratified random in the case of slum dwellers.This book highlights the difference between financial access and non-access of household respondents in capturing the impacts of financial inclusion schemes on their socio-economic condition and financial behavior. The findings indicate that access to these schemes is extremely limited for the underprivileged population, such as beggars and slum dwellers. The analysis has shown that claims made by the government are not based on real-life occurrences. This book demonstrates that these programs have a negligible effect on life-deprived people.This book will be of interest to academia, policymakers, and society at large.

Vor 100 Jahren fand in Deutschland eine Geldvernichtung unvorstellbaren Ausmaßes statt. Kein anderes westliches Land hat in seiner jüngeren Geschichte eine Hyperinflation dieser Intensität erlebt. Obwohl die Zeitzeugen längst tot sind, werden in fast jeder Familie die Geschichten aus der Zeit, als das Kilo Rindfleisch 2,6 Billionen Mark kostete und die Großmutter den Ofen mit Millionenscheinen beheizte, bis heute weitererzählt. Die Ängste und Nöte haben sich tief ins kollektive Gedächtnis der Deutschen eingebrannt.Doch wie konnte es überhaupt zu jener gigantischen Geldentwertung kommen? Welche Entscheidungen der Finanzpolitiker und Notenbanker haben dazu geführt? Warum konnte die Regierung die Inflationsspirale nicht stoppen? Und wie erlebten die Menschen diese Zeit im Alltag? Frank Stocker liefert Antworten auf diese Fragen. Er erzählt, wie das Land zunächst allmählich und dann immer schneller in den Strudel des Geldverfalls geriet, was ihn verursachte und was ihn beschleunigte, wie die Verantwortlichen um einen Ausweg rangen und ihn erst spät fanden. Und er wirft einen Blick in die Zukunft: Kann so etwas tatsächlich noch einmal passieren? Und sind wir vielleicht schon auf dem Weg dorthin?Frank Stocker gelingt es auf meisterhafte Weise, die politischen Kräfteverhältnisse zu skizzieren, die finanzpolitischen Entscheidungen zu erklären, die volkswirtschaftlichen Folgen zu beleuchten und zugleich das gesellschaftliche Klima zu erfassen. In 50 kurzweiligen Kapiteln nähert er sich der größten deutschen Geldkatastrophe auf solch spannende Weise, dass Sie vergessen werden, dass Sie ein Sachbuch in den Händen halten.