Physics

This textbook gradually introduces the reader to several topics related to black hole physics with a didactic approach. It starts with the most basic black hole solution, the Schwarzschild metric, and discusses the basic classical properties of black hole solutions as seen by different probes. Then it reviews various theorems about black hole properties as solutions to Einstein gravity coupled to matter fields, conserved charges associated with black holes, and laws of black hole thermodynamics. Next, it elucidates semiclassical and quantum aspects of black holes, which are relevant in ongoing and future research. The book is enriched with many exercises and solutions to assist in the learning.The textbook is designed for physics graduate students who want to start their research career in the field of black holes; postdocs who recently changed their research focus towards black holes and want to get up-to-date on recent and current research topics; advanced researchers intending to teach (or learn) basic and advanced aspects of black hole physics and the associated mathematical tools. Besides general relativity, the reader needs to be familiar with standard undergraduate physics, like thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics. Moreover, familiarity with basic quantum field theory in Minkowski space is assumed. The book covers the rest of the needed background material in the main text or the appendices. (lib)

Obwohl Menschen auf keinen Fall zu den gefährdeten Tierarten auf diesem Planeten gehören, treibt Menschen offensichtlich die Sorge und die Befürchtung um, dass die Menschheit nicht überleben und damit die Tierart Homo sapiens für immer ausgelöscht werden könnte. Das scheint ein Widerspruch zu sein.In diesem Buch zeigt der Autor, dass dieser offensichtliche Widerspruch keiner ist. Der Autor zeigt, dass die Befürchtung von Menschen, die Menschheit könnte auf welche Art und Weise auch immer ausgelöscht werden, ohne Zweifel begründet ist und es sich bei dieser Befürchtung damit nicht nur um die unbegründete Einbildung einer Spezies handelt, die scheinbar mit ihrer eigenen Existenz permanent mehr oder weniger so überfordert ist, dass sie deshalb ständig ihren eigenen Untergang herbeifantasiert. Ist aber diese Befürchtung von Menschen, dass die Menschheit durch welche Ereignisse auch immer ausgelöscht werden könnte, tatsächlich begründet, dann stellt sich sofort eine Frage, deren Beantwortung sozusagen der Sinn und Zweck dieses Buches ist: Was wären die Voraussetzungen, die erfüllt sein müssten, damit unter allen möglichen Umständen und für jeden erdenklichen Fall diese Auslöschung der gesamten Menschheit verhindert bzw. vermieden werden könnte und es damit kein Ende der Menschheit geben würde? (lib)

Die mathematischen Sätze gelernt? Die Formeln auch? Nun fehlt noch das Wichtigste: die Anwendung des Gelernten auf Probleme, die über ein einfaches Beispiel hinausgehen. Die mathematischen Werkzeuge, die man sich in jedem naturwissenschaftlichen Studium aneignet, lernt man schließlich erst bei der Bearbeitung von Problemen wirklich kennen. Jedoch kann das Lernen oft frustrierend werden, wenn man die Lösung nicht findet, die Lektüre diese als trivial abtut oder nur schlicht durch eine nackte Zahl ohne erläuternden Kommentar angibt.Das vorliegende Lehrbuch macht die Lesenden mit zentralen mathematischen Werkzeugen für den Physiker vertraut. Dabei werden wichtige Standardaufgaben sowie physikalische Problemstellungen ausführlich gelöst und parallel dazu die Lösungswege diskutiert. Der Schwerpunkt liegt insbesondere auf der Verknüpfung der verschiedenen Aufgaben, und zwar unabhängig vom Schwierigkeitsgrad, so dass das Lösen immer komplexerer Aufgaben schrittweise erleichtert wird. Infolgedessen sind die Lösungen keine bloße Ergänzung, sondern ein zentraler Bestandteil dieses Lehrbuchs. (lib)

The following basic physics topics are presented in this book:crisis of classical physicsquantum mechanics and wave mechanicssolid state physics and semiconductor physicsquantum field theoryquantum electrodynamics and open questions (lib)

mit 2 Beilagen

Interfacial phenomena play a crucial role in various industrial processes and daily operations. These phenomena are related to the formation of emulsions and foams, adsorption on solid and fluid interfaces, wettability alteration, and others that strongly impact the quality and cost of products and processes. Understanding the interfacial phenomena encompasses inexorably the description of surface thermodynamics and the assessment of thermodynamic properties. The book Fundamentals of Surface Thermodynamics introduces the basics of the thermodynamics of interface from a perspective of chemical engineering thermodynamics and surface chemistry. It provides insights into real-life phenomena, emphasizing the practical significance of abstract properties routinely dealt with by scientists and engineers. The book is tailored for both graduate and undergraduate courses in chemistry and engineering schools. The book content is particularly beneficial for industry professionals involved in oil & gas, fluid transportation, nanotechnology, and other operations with multiphase complex systems, where the process effectiveness is affected by interfacial phenomena.The Fundamentals of Surface Thermodynamics brings a comprehensive description of colloidal science, ranging from conventional surfactant applications to responsive systems and nanomaterials applied to life science. The author invites the reader on a journey into the fascinating world where small-dimension entities breathe. The book aims to inspire students and professionals to delve deep into the intricacies of interface thermodynamics, thereby contributing to supporting education activities and enabling industrial solutions. (lib)

Written in an accessible style, this unique book aims at describing the Nobel prize winning works in astronomy to readers who only have a background of high school physics. It gives a glimpse of the work done by those prize-winning astronomers at the forefront of research and the state-of-the-art techniques used for that, to an interested reader. There have been 11 years when Nobel prizes in physics have been given to astronomers. These award-winning works cover almost the entire subject of astronomy, starting from stellar structure all the way to cosmology. The prizes have been divided in 7 categories which are described in 7 chapters. For each prize a brief biography of the winner(s) is given first. The subject of the award is put into context and the reader is reminded of all the basic concepts needed for understanding the work before, finally, the prize-winning work is described.This enjoyable book will give the interested reader an excellent overview of the highlights and development of astronomy of the 20th and early 21st century. (lib)

Das vorliegende Übungsbuch ist eine passende Ergänzung zum Lehrbuch "Optik in Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften" von E. Hering und R. Martin. Es enthält umfangreiches Übungsmaterial und dient dem praktischen Verständnis der optischen und physikalischen Grundlagen. Das Übungsbuch enthält im ersten Teil Aufgaben, die optimal auf das Lehrbuch abgestimmt sind. Diese Übungen helfen bei der Vertiefung des Stoffes im Grundlagen-Teil und dienen der Vorbereitung auf Klausuren und Prüfungen. Im zweiten Teil des Buches sind alle Lösungen mit detaillierten Erklärungen und anschaulichen Abbildungen zu finden. Das Buch ist besonders geeignet für Studierende technischer und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Studiengänge an Hochschulen und Universitäten sowie für Ingenieur:innen und Naturwissenschaftler:innen, die bereits mit optischen Technologien befasst sind oder aber sich einen Zugang erarbeiten wollen.

This book presents detailed aspects of different fields of molecular spectroscopy. It consists of eleven chapters starting from the Born¿Oppenheimer approximation and its relevance to various spectra to some topics on nonlinear spectroscopy through rotational, vibrational, Raman, and electronic spectroscopy, group theoretical application, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, nuclear quadrupole resonance, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The intention is to present a good background of the theoretical aspects of the concerned fields which will help the readers to understand the subject firmly and apply them to their own fields according to their needs. For this purpose, several problems have been worked out to make the readers understand how the theories are applied in the relevant practical cases. In this book, it is presumed that the readers are well acquainted with the fundamentals of the basic subjects of physics, for example, mathematical methods, classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and electrodynamics. The purpose of writing is not only to bring a wider field in a single book but also to develop the theories starting from the fundamentals and also from the simple to the final forms through fairly elaborate powerful techniques so that the readers become self-sufficient and apply them accordingly. Since this book covers most of the major fields of molecular spectroscopy, it reduces the work of searching several publications and serves the purpose of getting detailed deductive pictures of various aspects of the subject in a single publication. (lib)

The following topics are presented in this book:introduction to waves and their propertiesacoustic waveshuman acoustics and phonometric systemsroom acoustics and hints of building acoustic design (lib)

This book has been considered important throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and designed. These books are not made of scanned copies and hence the text is clear and readable. (lib)

This book presents theoretical and experimental investigations of mechanical behavior of solids under shock loading and highlights a multi-scale exchange process of energy and momentum between meso and macroscopic hierarchy. It also widely covers experimental approaches for the multi-scale response of solids to impacts including uniaxial strain conditions and high-velocity penetration processes.The content comprises two parts. The first part overviews modeling and theory of dynamically deformed solids from the multi-scale point of view. The second part describes experimental characterization of shock-induced solids and experimental probing of mesostructured and mesoscale dynamic processes in solids. The theory presented in the first part is then verified as it is compared with i) experiments of shock loading into different kinds of solids and ii) probed microstructure of post-shocked specimens by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy.The text is written on the basis of author¿s lectures at universities and thus is concisely described for postgraduate students. It is also useful for researchers who work on the theory of multi-scale mechanics of solids and engineers who work on testing materials under dynamic loading. (lib)

Seen from ¿inside the IAU,¿ this book tells the in-depth story of a major crisis in which China ¿divorced¿ from the International Astronomical Union in 1960 as a protest against the admission of Taiwan. This happened to all the scientific unions at the same time, and to the Olympic Games, which, unexpectedly, would serve as a laboratory for the ¿reconciliation¿ which took place following the re-opening of China to the world 20 years later. The so-called ¿China conflict¿ is the most important crisis in the post-WWII history of the IAU. Yet, many details about this conflict and its links to broader geopolitical events have long remained unsettled, obscure, or altogether absent. In particular, the book describes for the first time the ¿separation¿ period, which covered the Cultural Revolution, and in which the IAU made desperate official efforts to reach out to China, while some groups of Western and Chinese astronomers managed to keep contact at times. On the occasion of the IAU Centenary celebrations in 2019, the book revisits this painful succession of events using unpublished documents from the IAU Archives and the International Council of Scientific Unions. The book also contains supplementary typescripts of selected handwritten correspondences and the full translation of key original Chinese documents unknown to readers outside China. What emerges is a complex and fascinating story of human relations and science diplomacy under the shadow of the Cold War. Readers will learn how the 20-year ¿China conflict¿ as lived by astronomers and scientists is important not only for the history of the IAU, but also for the history of contemporary China. ¿This book is full of so many original documents of the IAU office, very reliable and good to open to the public readers.¿ Shuhua Ye, Shanghai Observatory (IAU Vice-President, 1988-1994) This book is a companion book to "Astronomers as Diplomats," published at the same time in the same series.

Dieses erfolgreiche Praktikumsbuch bewährt sich seit vielen Jahren bei Studierenden der Physik sowie anderer naturwissenschaftlicher Studiengänge und des Lehramts, die ein physikalisches Grundpraktikum absolvieren. Vielfach genutzt wird es auch von Studierenden der Ingenieurwissenschaften an Technischen Universitäten und Fachhochschulen. Der Inhalt- Mechanik- Wärmelehre- Elektrizitätslehre- Optik und Atomphysik- Fourier-Transformation und SignalanalyseDie ZielgruppeStudierende der Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften im Grundstudium an Universitäten und FachhochschulenLehramtstudierende naturwissenschaftlicher FächerDie HerausgeberDr. Wolfgang Schenk, Universität LeipzigProf. Dr. Friedrich Kremer, Universität Leipzig

Ticciati's approach to quantum field theory falls between building a mathematical model of the subject and presenting the mathematics that physicists actually use. It begins with the need to combine special relativity and quantum mechanics and culminates in a basic understanding of the standard model of electroweak and strong interactions. The book is divided into five parts: canonical quantization of scalar fields, Weyl, Dirac and vector fields, functional integral quantization, the standard model of the electroweak and strong interactions, renormalization. This should be a useful reference for those interested in quantum theory and related areas of function theory, functional analysis, differential geometry or topological invariant theory. (lib)

Atom- und Quantenphysik führt sorgfältig und leicht verständlich in die Ergebnisse und Methoden der empirischen Atomphysik ein, wobei auch das Rüstzeug der Quantentheorie vermittelt und besonders die Wechselwirkung zwischen Experiment und Theorie herausgearbeitet wird. Die vorliegende achte Auflage enthält neben umfangreichen Aktualisierungen neue Abschnitte zur quantenmechanischen Behandlung des Atoms im Magnetfeld und im elektrischen Feld. Weiter finden sich in dem Kapitel "Fortschritte der Quantenphysik: Tieferes Verständnis und neue Anwendungen" genaue Erläuterungen zur Verschränkung von Wellenfunktionen, dem Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradoxon, den Bellschen Ungleichungen, dem Paradoxon der Schrödingerschen Katze und dem Konzept der Dekohärenz. Das letzte Kapitel führt in die Grundlagen der Quantentheorie der chemischen Bindung ein, welche im zweiten Band der Autoren "Molekülphysik und Quantenchemie" ihre Fortsetzung findet. 177 Übungen mit vollständigen Lösungen runden das Buch ab und dienen der Vertiefung. (lib)

The English teach mechanics as an experimental science, while on the Continent, it has always been considered a more deductive and a priori science. Unquestionably, the English are right. * H. Poincare, Science and Hypothesis Descartes, Leibnitz, and Newton As is well known, the basic principles of dynamics were stated by New­ ton in his famous work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, whose publication in 1687 was paid for by his friend, the astronomer Halley. In essence, this book was written with a single purpose: to prove the equivalence of Kepler's laws and the assumption, suggested to Newton by Hooke, that the acceleration of a planet is directed toward the center of the Sun and decreases in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between the planet and the Sun. For this, Newton needed to systematize the principles of dynamics (which is how Newton's famous laws appeared) and to state the "theory of fluxes" (analysis of functions of one variable). The principle of the equality of an action and a counteraction and the inverse square law led Newton to the theory of gravitation, the interaction at a distance. In addition, New­ ton discussed a large number of problems in mechanics and mathematics in his book, such as the laws of similarity, the theory of impact, special vari­ ational problems, and algebraicity conditions for Abelian integrals. Almost everything in the Principia subsequently became classic. In this connection, A. N. (lib)

Mathematics is playing an ever more important role in the physical and biological sciences, provoking a blurring of boundaries between scientific disciplines and a resurgence of interest in the modern as weil as the clas­ sical techniques of applied mathematics. This renewal of interest, bothin research and teaching, has led to the establishment of the series: Texts in Applied Mathematics (TAM). The development of new courses is a natural consequence of a high Ievel of excitement on the research frontier as newer techniques, such as numerical and symbolic computer systems, dynamical systems, and chaos, mix with and reinforce the traditional methods of applied mathematics. Thus, the purpose of this textbook series is to meet the current and future needs of these advances and encourage the teaching of new courses. TAM will publish textbooks suitable for use in advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate courses, and will complement the Applied Mathematical Seiences (AMS) series, whichwill focus on advanced textbooks and research Ievel monographs. Preface This book is based on a one-term coursein fluid mechanics originally taught in the Department of Mathematics of the U niversity of California, Berkeley, during the spring of 1978. The goal of the course was not to provide an exhaustive account of fluid mechanics, nor to assess the engineering value of various approximation procedures. (lib)

Presenting the latest advances in artificial structures, this volume discusses in-depth the structure and electron transport mechanisms of quantum wells, superlattices, quantum wires, and quantum dots. It will serve as an invaluable reference and review for researchers and graduate students in solid-state physics, materials science, and electrical and electronic engineering. (lib)

Weitere Informationen zum Bergmann/Schaefer finden Sie hier. (lib)

This book explains in an accessible way how the concept of the photon was introduced by Einstein who also helped discover many of its properties, and how it interacted with many physical phenomena while revolutionizing the world of physics. Replete with short biographies of the main contributors to the history, the book begins with the historical and scientific conditions that led to the quantization of the electromagnetic field. This upended previously held assumptions about the nature of radiation and led to the christening of the photon. The book then traces how this breakthrough inspired further investigation into the quantum world, as well as setting the stage for many dramatic advances in quantum science and technology over the decades that followed. For example, the dual wave-particle nature of the electromagnetic radiation was revealed by the photon, and extended to matter by Louis de Broglie; entanglement, which surfaced in discussions among Einstein, Bohr and Schroedinger, and is one of the most fundamental characteristic features of the quantum world, is realized beautifully by the photon and is the key to future technologies such as quantum computing and quantum teleportation. The book is essential reading for anyone with an interest in optics, quantum physics or the history of science. It is accessible to anyone familiar with elementary mathematics and basic quantum mechanics, and will be useful to students who will find within a gentle yet rigorous introduction to the photon’s properties.